https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/277631.277646
Visualizing the performance of higher-order programs, by
Oscar Waddell and J. Michael Ashley
Profiling Scheme code! Visualization means painting the source code in different shades according to time spent there. Two notable things. The first is, their solution lets you profile your program with different inputs, and the measurements can be compared using a custom function. They propose this to detect places of worse-than-linear time complexity. The other is, instead of recording the control-flow at runtime, they compute a control-flow graph at compile time, and later use it and the actual measurements to build a system of linear expressions, whose solution gives the intraprocedural profile data. This is sometimes under-constrained, which causes issues.